Faculty

Samuel C. Winchester, Klopman Distinguished Professor
William Oxenham, Professor, Assoc. Head and Graduate Administrator
Robert A. Barnhardt, Prof. and Dean - College of Textiles
Subhash K. Batra, Professor/Director - NCRC
Behnam Pourdeyhimi, Professor/Assoc.Dir. - NCRC
R. Alan Donaldson, Professor
Moon W. Suh, Professor
Tushar K. Ghosh, Professor
Trevor J. Little, Professor and Head
Pamela Banks-Lee, Associate Professor
Cynthia L. Istook, Associate Professor
Hawthorne A. Davis, Associate Professor
Peter D. F. Kilduff, Associate Professor
Helmut Hergeth, Associate Professor
Abdelfattah M. Seyam, Associate Professor
George L. Hodge, Associate Professor
Gary W. Smith, Associate Professor
Carol G. Carrere, Visiting Assistant Professor
Toshiichi Soen, Visiting Research Professor
Padmini S. Hands, Visiting Assistant Professor
Jae L. Woo, Visiting Research Professor
William T. King, Visiting Associate Professor
Amitabh Desphande, Research Associate
Eugene F. Barbee, Visiting Lecturer
Brenda F. Allen, COT Coordinator of African-American Advising
Mary F. Stowe, Visiting Lecturer
Donald Shiffler, Visiting Research Associate Professor

Robin W. Dent, Adjunct Professor
William D. Harazin, Adjunct Associate Professor
Manuel Gaetan, Adjunct Professor
N. Alan Hunter, Adjunct Associate Professor
Blanton Godfrey, Adjunct Professor
Warren Knoff, Adjunct Associate Professor
William A. Klopman, Adjunct Professor
Carl Priestland, Adjunct Associate Professor
Janet Jackson-Ledermann, Adjunct Professor
Preston E. Sasser, Adjunct Associate Professor
W. Barrie Fraser, Adjunct Associate Professor

Gordon A. Berkstresser III, Professor Emeritus
William E. Moser, Associate Professor Emeritus
Edward H. Bradford, Professor Emeritus
Mendel L. Robinson, Associate Professor Emeritus
Elliot B. Grover, Professor Emeritus and Coordinator of Advising
Elvan E. Hutchinson, Professor Emeritus
James E. Pardue, Associate Professor Emeritus
Peyton B. Hudson, Associate Professor Emeritus
Frances W. Massey, Assistant Professor Emeritus
James W. Klibbe, Associate Professor Emeritus
Henry M. Middleton, Assistant Professor Emeritus

Memis Acar, hosted by William Oxenham
Ali-Asghar Jeddi, hosted by Behnam Pourdeyhimi
Arindam Basu, hosted by William Oxenham
Hyung B. Kim, hosted by Moon Suh
You Huh, hosted by William Oxenham
Kiyomi Sugai, hosted by Moon Suh

Imtiyaz Ansari, hosted by Tushar Ghosh
Han Seong Kim, hosted by Behnam Pourdeyhimi
Jung Park, hosted by Subhash Batra

Janey Bullock, Administrative Secretary (NCRC)
Robert Byron, Textile Laboratories Mech (TATM)
Claudia Deaton, Laboratory Research Specialist (TATM)
Laura Dinkins, Graduate Secretary (TATM)
Sue Ellen McGirt, Information Systems Liaison (TATM)
Tywanna Moore, Administrative Secretary (TATM)
Olin Stewart, Laboratory Research Specialist (NCRC)
Anh Tranphuoc, Associate Director for Technology Transfer and Administration (NCRC)

December 16, 1999

Kimberly Sue Houchens
Jooyong Kim
Massoud Mohammadi
Rona Levetta Reid
James Neal Singletary

Surya Prabh Gupta
Yoon Joong Hwang
Stefan Alexander Kuehnen
Stacey Lee Schertel

Mitzi Christine Cook
Hakan Esimek
Mendy Elizabeth Grantham
Ozgur Ozkurt

B.S. in Textile Technology

Mirza Shahzad Baig
Lewis Cagle
Omer Zulfigar Chaudhry
Paul Vernon Fogleman
Marc Adam Greenspoon
Todd Keith Hamilton

Noah Hodsdon Kahn
Kristie Lavet Peoples
Walker Pearce Phillips
Xenia Jeannell Pigford
Gwendolyn Jane Schneider
Jessica Estelle Streckewald

B.S. in Textile and Apparel Management

Justin Lee Akers
Dawn Jessica Auerbach
James Harper Barnhardt III
Malcolm Britain Blankenship
Jonathan Bruce Boney
Scott Michael Borgert
Shelley Hayes Bumgarner
Gregory Vincent Cherry Jr.
Gregory Max Combs
Kendra Dee Cover
Deirdre Claire Deignan
Erin Linnea Dodd
Matthew Frank Evans
Roger Alan Greene
Matthew Brian Griffith
Holly Trisha Hamilton

May 15, 1999

Aparna Chidambaram
Max Christian Koch
Ayad Abdulghani Oumera
Traci Ann May-Plumlee
Josephine Harsha Punitha

Emre Erol
Robyn Lee Galloway
Lori Cozanthenese Jones
Shafiqul Islam Sarker
Paul F. Stephenson

Gina Denise Bennett
Severine Gahide
Amy Park Loring
Allison Lorraine Richards

B.S. in Textile Technology

Tayiba Asmat Ahsan
Robert Gordon Ariagno
Jarvis Isadore Cheek
Andrea Jamie Cox
Andrew Stephen Dobbins
Paul Edward Long
Sean Dimitri Martin
James Michael McCall
Obire Delia Mojuetan
Widya Moljono
Michele Helene Noble
Tonya Ann Norris

B.S. in Textile and Apparel Management

Lisa Elizabeth Bandy
Jan Elizabeth Barbour
Justin Chadwick Barnett
Julie Rebecca Blickensderfer
Kevin Ryan Bloech
Richard Reid Bostian
William Blaine Bowers
Joe Mills Brinson III
Jessica Ann Cake
Laura Elizabeth Chambers
Theodore Roosevelt Chavis
Luretha Bennett Coon
Andrea Jamie Cox
James Carl Craven
Melanie Lynne Cremeans
Robert Jeffrey Crisp
James Alexander D’Emilio
Adam Troy Doman
Brenda Duggan
Mark Davis Eagle
Brian Nelson Efland
Mary Kathleen Fiore
Vanda April Frye
Eric Hite Fulk
Lisa Danielle Gibson
Joshua Nathan Grant
Anne-Marie Elizabeth Gray

Title: Nonwovens Cooperative Research Center
Principal Investigator(s): D. Shiffler, T. Proffitt, Prof. Ramasubramanian, M. Srinivasarao, A. M. Seyam, W. Oxenham

Title: Apparel Production Systems to Support Quick Response
Principal Investigator(s): R. E. King, C. G. Carrere, T. J. Hodgson, T. J. Little, M. Benjamin, T. Curran

Title: Research Centers and Small Firms Collaborative R&D
Principal Investigator(s): T. K. Ghosh, M. Srinivasarao, S. K. Batra

Title: Experimental Validation of Nonlinear Models for High-Speed Yarn Transport Systems
Principal Investigator(s): T. K. Ghosh, S. K. Batra, W. Oxenham, W. B. Fraser, B. C. Goswami, C. Rahn

Title: Functionally Tailored Textiles: 3-D Structures through Meltblown Technology
Principal Investigator(s): T. K. Ghosh, A. M. Seyam, S. K. Batra

Title: Interprence Microscopy Homography
Principal Investigator(s): H. A. Davis

Title: Bending Fatigue of Fibers
Principal Investigator(s): H. A. Davis

Title: Experimental Validation of Nonlinear Models for High-Speed Yarn Transport Systems
Principal Investigator(s): T. K. Ghosh, S. K. Batra, W. Oxenham, B. C. Goswami, C. Rahn, W. B. Fraser

Title: On-line Measurement of Fabric Behavior
Principal Investigator(s): T. K. Ghosh

Title: Functionally Tailored Textiles: 3-D Structures Through Melt Blown Technology
Principal Investigator(s): T. K. Ghosh, A. M. Seyam

Title: Development of A Ventricular Restraint Device
Principal Investigator(s): T. K. Ghosh, T. J. Little

Title: Development of Improved Fiber and Web Characteristics in Selected Critical Nonwoven Technologies
Principal Investigator(s): T. K. Ghosh, S. K. Batra

Title: USA – EU Export Development Programme
Principal Investigator(s): H. Hergeth

Title: Building International Partnerships for Technical Collaboration and Training in the Dominican Republic
Principal Investigator(s): F. Smith, H. Hergeth

Title: Furniture Panels from Recycled Nonwovens Materials
Principal Investigator(s): H. Hergeth

Title: Information Engineering: Textile Industry’s Value – Adding Key to Effective Decision Making
Principal Investigator(s): G. L. Hodge, W. Oxenham, N. Cahill

Title: Design of Supply Chain Management Systems for the Textile Complex
Principal Investigator(s): S. C. Winchester, P. S. Hands, G. L. Hodge

Title: Taxonomy of Information Systems for Textiles
Principal Investigator(s): G. L. Hodge

Title: Micromachine Based Fabric Formation System
Principal Investigator(s): G. L. Hodge, W. Oxenham, A. M. Seyam

Title: Evaluating Factory Floor Communication Architecture for Textiles
Principal Investigator(s): G. L. Hodge

Title: Rapid Prototyping (Digital Printing Seed Grant)
Principal Investigator(s): C. L. Istook

Title: Operating Room Gown
Principal Investigator(s): C. L. Istook, R. L. Barker

Title: Martial Arts GI
Principal Investigator(s): C. L. Istook

Title: "No Puffing" Character Development
Principal Investigator(s): C. L. Istook

Title: Textile and Apparel Business Intelligence Consortium
Principal Investigator(s): P. Kilduff

Title: Functionally Tailored Fibers and Fabrics (ARO-MURI Program)
Principal Investigator(s): W. T. King

Title: Analysis of Historical Data to Possibly Predict Trends in Yarn Production
Principal Investigator(s): W. Oxenham, G. L. Hodge

Title: Fiber Motion and Yarn Forming in High Speed Air Flows
Principal Investigator(s): W. Oxenham

Title: Non-linear Phenomena in High Speed Transport
Principal Investigator(s): T. K. Ghosh, S. K. Batra, W. Oxenham

Title: Processability of Fiberwebs from Microfibers
Principal Investigator(s): W. Oxenham, A. M. Seyam

Title: Carding Dynamics: The Assessment and Control of Cross Card Uniformity
Principal Investigator(s): A. M. Seyam, W. Oxenham

Title: Fiber Crimp and Crimp Stability in Nonwoven Fabric Processes
Principal Investigator(s): W. Oxenham, D. Shiffler

Title: Development of Characterization Methodologies for Fiber Surfaces
Principal Investigator(s): W. Oxenham

Title: Micromachine Based Fabric Formation Systems
Principal Investigator(s): G. L. Hodge, W. Oxenham, A. M. Seyam

Title: The Abrasion Characteristics of Open End Yarn
Principal Investigator(s): W. Oxenham

Title: Information Engineering: Textile Industries Value-Adding Key to Effective Decision Making
Principal Investigator(s): G. L. Hodge, W. Oxenham

Title: Study of Needle Punching Process and Products
Principal Investigator(s): A. M. Seyam

Title: Carding Dynamics: The Assessment of Cross Machine Uniformity of Carded Webs
Principal Investigator(s): A.M. Seyam, W. Oxenham

Title: The Role of Fiber Finish in the Conversion of Fibers to Nonwovens
Principal Investigator(s): A. M. Seyam

Title: Manufacturing of Functionally Tailored Fabrics
Principal Investigator(s): S. K. Batra, T. J. Little, T. K. Ghosh, A. M. Seyam

Title: Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Reactive Sizes to Cotton Warps
Principal Investigator(s): A. M. Seyam

Title: Evaluation of Finishes for Needlepunching Process
Principal Investigator(s): A. M. Seyam

Title: Miromachine Based Fabric Formation System
Principal Investigator(s): G. L. Hodge, W. Oxenham, A. M. Seyam

Title: Real-Time Yarn Characterization and Data Compression Using Wavelets
Principal Investigator(s): M. W. Suh, J. L. Woo, W. J. Jasper

Title: Demand Systems Approach to Prediction of Textile and Apparel Demands Under Dynamic Social Trends
Principal Investigator(s): M. W. Suh, M. T. Holt

Title: Study on Single Fiber and Bundle Tensile Properties of Cotton
Principal Investigator(s): M. W. Suh

Title: Geometrical and Probabilistic Modeling of Nonwoven Fabrics Leading to Improved Fabric Uniformity and Performance
Principal Investigator(s): M. W. Suh, J. L. Woo

Title: Development of Yarn Quality Rating System for Visual Fabric Qualities
Principal Investigator(s): M. W. Suh

Title: Design of Integrated Information Management Systems for Management of Complex Manufacturing Operations
Principal Investigator(s): S. C. Winchester, G. L. Hodge, P. S. Hands

Title: Establishment of DuPont ESnet at NCSU and (TC)²
Principal Investigator(s): S. C. Winchester, P. S. Hands

Title: Leaders for Manufacturing – Glen Raven
Principal Investigator(s): S. C. Winchester

• Grewal, R. and Banks-Lee, P., "Development of Thermal Insulation for Textile Wet Processing Machinery Using Needlepunched Nonwoven Fabric," accepted for publication International Nonwovens Journal.

• Mohammadi, M., and Banks-Lee, P., "Mean Poresize Distribution of Needled, Nonwoven Fabrics," submitted for publication in the International Nonwoven Journal.

• Mohammadi, M., and Banks-Lee, P., "Flow Properties of Needlepunched Nonwoven Fabrics," submitted for publication in the International Nonwoven Journal.

• Mohammadi, M., and Banks-Lee, P., "Determination of Governing Function in the Statistical Permeability Equation for Nonwoven Materials."

• Dharmadhikary, R. K., Davis, H., Gilmore, T. F., Batra, S. K., "Influence of Fiber Structure on Properties of Thermally Point Bonded Polypropylene Nonwovens," Textile Research Journal, October 1999, 69 (10): 725-734.

• Zhou, N., and Ghosh, T. K., "On-Line Measurement of Fabric Bending Behavior, Part III: Dynamic Considerations and Experimental Implementation," Textile Research Journal, 69 (3), 176 (1999).

• Zhou, N., and Ghosh, T. K., "On-Line Measurement of Fabric Bending Behavior; Background and Potential Solutions," International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, 2 (10), 143-156, 1998.

• Ghosh, T. K., "Puncture Resistance of Pre-strained Geotextile Membrane and its Relation to Uniaxial Tensile Strain at Failure," Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 16 (1998), 293-302, Elsevier Publications.

• Ghosh, T. K., "Development of an Instrument for the Evaluation of Biaxial Stress-Strain Response of Fabrics," proceedings of INDA-TEC, September 15-17, 1998, organized by the Association of the Nonwoven Fabric Industry, Cary, N.C.

• Rendall, C., Hergeth, H., Chen, A., Zuckerman, G., "Product Cost Management Practices in Textiles," accepted for publication, The Journal of The Textile Institute, UK.

• Hergeth, H., "Fresh Air in The Mills," invited paper in ATI Americas International, 4/1999, pp. 50-54.

• Copeland, A., Hergeth, H., Smith, G., "Einfluss der Gestaltung der Abzugsduse auf die Rotorgarneingenschaften," in: Melliand Textilberichte, 4-1998, Germany, pp. 224 ff.

• Copeland, A., Hergeth, H., Smith, G., "Effects of Navel Design on Open End Yarn Properties," in: Melliand Textilberichte, 4-1998, Germany, pp. E 53 ff.

• Karpe, Y., Little, T. J., Hodge, G. L., "Is Quick Response the Strategy of the 21^st Century for the Textile and Apparel Supply Chain?"  The 79^th World Conference of the Textile Institute, February 1999, Chennai, India.

• Hodge, G. L., "1998 Textile and Apparel Software Survey," APICS 500 West Annandale Road, Falls Church, V.A., October 31, 1998. (Non-reviewed)

• Kilduff, P., "JBA: How Information Technology Can Transform Business."

• Kilduff, P., "Strategic Intelligence in Dynamic Global Industries," 8^eme Biennale Textile De Roanne, Roanne, France, 26 et 27 Nov. 1998.

• Zhang, W., Iype, C., Oxenham, W., "The Analysis of Yarn Thin Places and Unevenness with an Image Analysis System and Program Design," Journal of The Textile Institute, Vol 89, No. 1, pp. 44-58, 1998.

• Oxenham, W., "Spinnings Predicted Growth," America’s Textiles International, pp. 54-58, January 1999.

• Hwang, Y. J., Seyam, A., Oxenham, W., "Processing of Microfibers," proc. of Beltwide Cotton Conference, Orlando, Florida, 1999.

• Yuksekkaya, M. E., and Oxenham, W., "Analysis of Mechanical and Electrical Noise Interfacing the Instrument During Data Acquisition: Development of a Machine for Assessing Surface Properties of Fibers," proc. of IEEE Conference, Atlanta, 1999.

• Oxenham, W., "Vortex Spinning – A Natural Evolution," proc. of 12^th Annual EFS Conference, Greenville, 1999.

• Seyam, A. M., Meng, J., and El-Shiekh, A., "Carding Dynamics, Part II: Development of New Device for On-Line Measurement of Two-Dimensional Fiber Loading on Card Elements," Textile Research Journal, 69, 155-161, 1999.

• Meng, J., Seyam, A. M., and Batra, S. K., "Carding Dynamics, Part I: Previous Studies of Fiber Distribution and Movement in Carding," Textile Research Journal, 69, 90-96, 1999.

• Seyam, A. M., Mohamed, A., and Kim, H., "Signal Analysis of Dynamic Forces Experienced by Individual Needles in High Speed Needle Punching," Textile Research Journal, 68, 296-301, 1998.

• Mohamed, M. H., Seyam, A. M., Ozkurt, O., Logan, W., Hebeish, A., and Abou-Zeid, "Evaluation of Environmentally Friendly Sizing Agents, proceedings of the Slashing Conference," College of Textiles, April 1999. (Invited).

• Hwang, Y. J., Oxenham, W., and Seyam, A. M., "Carding of Microfibers," proceedings of The Beltwide Conference, Orlando, Florida, January 1999. (Invited)

• Kim, H., and Seyam, A. M., "Needle Force Paramters/Needled Fabric Performance Relationships," proceedings of INDA Needlepunch 98 Conference, Charlotte, NC, October 1998.

• Seyam, A. M., Meng, J., Batra, S. K., and El-Shiekh, A., "Development of a Flexible Photometric Device for On-Line Monitoring of Fiber Loading on Card Surfaces," proceedings of INDA TEC ’98 Conference, Atlantic City, New Jersey, September 1998.

• Suh, M. W., "Recent Efforts for Maximizing Yarn and Fabric Strengths – Theories and Applications," proc. of Japanese Advanced Fiber Science and Technology Symposium, September 3-5, 1998, Shinshu, Japan.

• Suh, M. W., Kim, J. Y., "Wavelet Stochastic System for Measurement and Analysis of Yarn and Fabric Qualities," proc. (in print) of 11^th Engineered Fiber Selection System Conference, November 5-6, 1998, Raleigh, NC.

• Zeidman, M. I., Suh, M. W., Batra, S., K., Sasser, P. E., "Strength Performance of Cotton Fibers on Yarns as a Function of Length Distribution," proc. (in print) of 11^th Engineered Fiber Selection System Conference, November 5-6, 1998, Raleigh, NC.

• Zeidman, M. I., Batra, S. K., Sasser, P. E., Suh, M. W., "New, Precise Method to Compute Fiber Length Paramters Using Experimental Fibrogram Data," proc. (in print) of 11^th Engineered Fiber Selection System Conference, November 5-6, 1998, Raleigh, NC.

• Cui, X., Calamari, T. A., Suh, M. W., "Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Fiber Length Comparisons of Various Cottons," Textile Research Journal, Vol. 68, pp. 467-472, 1998.

• Koo, H. J., Suh, M. W., "Yarn and Fabric Strength Maximization Through Variance of HVI Elongation," Textile Research Journal, Vol. 69, pp.xxx (in print), June 1999.

• Suh, M. W., "Global Strategies for Improving Yarn and Fabric Qualities in the 21^st Century," proc of Textile Institute’s 79^th World Conference (invited paper, in print) February 10-14, 1999, Chennai, India.

• Suh, M. W., Koo, H. J., and Watson, M. D., "Development of Optimal HVI Quality Index for Prediction of Yarn Tensile Strength," proc. (in print) of 1999 Beltwide Cotton Research Conference, January 6-8, 1999, Orlando, FL.

• Suh, M. W., and Lee, E. K., "Modeling of U.S. Men’s Apparel Consumption Trends and its Implication on Cotton Consumption," proc. (in print) of 1999 Beltwide Cotton Research Conference, January 6-8, 1999, Orlando, FL.

• Singletary, E. P., and Winchester, S. C., "Beyond Mass Production: Strategic Management Models for Competitive Manufacturing Transformations in the US Textile Industry," Journal of the Textile Institute, Part 2, 89 No. 1, 4-15 (1998).

• Singletary, E. P., and Winchester, S. C., "Beyond Mass Production: Transformation Trends in the US Textile Industry," Journal of the Textile Institute, Part 2, 89 No. 1, (1998).

• Sigmon, D. M., Grady, P. L., Winchester, S. C., "Computer Integrated Manufacturing and Total Quality Management," Textile Progress, 27 No. 4, 1-57, (1998).

• Batra, S. K., "On the Properties of Nonwovens," invited paper presented at the One Hundred Years of Fiber and Textile Research: An International Technical Symposium, organized by the Fiber Society, July 5-10, 1998, Asheville, North Carolina.

• Ghosh, T. K., "Unwinding from Cylindrical Packages: A Tutorial Session and Software Demonstration," presented at the Textured Yarn Association of America’s, Summer Technical Conference, Myrtle Beach, SC, July 30-31, 1998.

• Ghosh, T. K., "Development of an Instrument for the Evaluation of Biaxial Stress-strain Response of Fabrics," presented at INDA-TEC, Atlantic City, New Jersey, September 15-17, 1998.

• Hodge, G. L., "The Changing World of Information Systems," presented at Information Technology as a Strategic Weapon in the Global Market Workshop, September 29, 1998, NCSU College of Textiles, sponsored by Power Curve.

• Karpe, Y., Little, T. J., Hodge, G. L., "Is Quick Response the Strategy of the 21^st Century for the Textile and Apparel Supply Chain?," The 79^th World Conference of The Textile Institute, February 1999, Chennai, India.

• Hodge, G. L., "Status Report on Micromachine Based Fabric Formation Systems," NTC Annual Conference, January 28-30, 1999.

• Hwang, Y. J., Oxenham, W., and Seyam, A. M., "Carding of Microfibers II," accepted for presentation at the INDA Tec ’99 Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, September 1999.

• Seyam, A. M., "Applications of On-Line Monitoring of Dynamic Forces Experienced by Needles during Formation of Needled Fabrics," accepted for presentation at the International Conference on Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Xi’an, China, June 1999.

• Hwang, Y. J., Oxenham, W., and Seyam, A. M., "Carding of Microfibers," The Beltwide Cotton Conference, Orlando, Florida, January 1999. (Invited).

• Kim, H., and Seyam, A. M., "Needle Force Parameters/Needled Fabric Performance Relationships," INDA Needlepunch 98 Conference, Charlotte, NC, October 1998.

• Seyam, A. M., Meng, J., Batra, S. K., and El-Shiekh, A., "Development of a Flexible Photometric Device for On-Line Monitoring of Fiber Loading on Card Surfaces," INDA TEC ’98 Conference, Atlantic City, New Jersey, September 1998.

• Oumera, A., Seyam, A. M., Oxenham, W., "Assessment of Cross Machine Uniformity of Carded Fiberwebs," INDA TEC ’98 Conference, Atlantic City, New Jersey, September 1998. (Poster).

• Oumera, A., Seyam, A. M., Oxenham, W., "The Assessment of Cross Card Openness Uniformity of a Fiber Feed Matt," The Fiber Society International Technical Symposium, Asheville, North Carolina, July 1998. (Poster).

• Smith, G., "Problem Analysis and Prevention," seminar presentation, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, March 8, 1999.

• Smith, G., "Problem Analysis and Prevention," seminar presentation, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil, March 12, 1999.

• Singletary, E. P., and Winchester, S. C., "Strategic Models for Competitive Transformation Beyond Mass Production in the U.S. Textile Industry," 18^th Annual International Conference of the Strategic Management Society, Orlando, Florida, November 3, 18, 1998.